array(3) {
  [712912]=>
  string(9) "222337840"
  [712913]=>
  string(9) "222337841"
  [712914]=>
  string(9) "222337842"
}
array(3) {
  [222337840]=>
  object(Drupal\node\Entity\Node)#4191 (30) {
    ["entityTypeId":protected]=>
    string(4) "node"
    ["enforceIsNew":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["typedData":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["cacheContexts":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["cacheTags":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["cacheMaxAge":protected]=>
    int(-1)
    ["_serviceIds":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["_entityStorages":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["values":protected]=>
    array(27) {
      ["nid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(9) "222337840"
      }
      ["vid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(6) "712912"
      }
      ["type"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(13) "person_course"
      }
      ["uuid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(36) "fd32289b-e0a2-44ba-96b2-c9be6430c2ea"
      }
      ["langcode"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(2) "en"
      }
      ["revision_uid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["revision_timestamp"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(10) "1731427526"
      }
      ["revision_log"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        NULL
      }
      ["revision_default"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["isDefaultRevision"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["status"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["uid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["title"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(32) "Introduction to Computer Systems"
      }
      ["created"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(10) "1731427526"
      }
      ["changed"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(10) "1731427526"
      }
      ["promote"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["sticky"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["default_langcode"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["revision_translation_affected"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["feeds_item"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(5) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(2) "10"
            ["imported"]=>
            string(10) "1731427526"
            ["url"]=>
            NULL
            ["guid"]=>
            NULL
            ["hash"]=>
            string(32) "51ccb3be86f5195b4c8aaa1e649da05b"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_academic_semester"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(4) "7827"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_course"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(9) "222337634"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_person"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(9) "222227117"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_semester"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(4) "7219"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_unique_courseid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["value"]=>
            string(9) "15213-S25"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_unique_id"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["value"]=>
            string(10) "1731031499"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_year"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["value"]=>
            string(4) "2025"
          }
        }
      }
    }
    ["fields":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["fieldDefinitions":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["languages":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["langcodeKey":protected]=>
    string(8) "langcode"
    ["defaultLangcodeKey":protected]=>
    string(16) "default_langcode"
    ["activeLangcode":protected]=>
    string(9) "x-default"
    ["enforceDefaultTranslation":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["defaultLangcode":protected]=>
    string(2) "en"
    ["translations":protected]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["status"]=>
        int(1)
      }
    }
    ["translationInitialize":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["newRevision":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["isDefaultRevision":protected]=>
    string(1) "1"
    ["entityKeys":protected]=>
    array(4) {
      ["bundle"]=>
      string(13) "person_course"
      ["id"]=>
      string(9) "222337840"
      ["revision"]=>
      string(6) "712912"
      ["uuid"]=>
      string(36) "fd32289b-e0a2-44ba-96b2-c9be6430c2ea"
    }
    ["translatableEntityKeys":protected]=>
    array(8) {
      ["label"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(32) "Introduction to Computer Systems"
      }
      ["langcode"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(2) "en"
      }
      ["status"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["published"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["uid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["owner"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["default_langcode"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["revision_translation_affected"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
    }
    ["validated":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["validationRequired":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["loadedRevisionId":protected]=>
    string(6) "712912"
    ["revisionTranslationAffectedKey":protected]=>
    string(29) "revision_translation_affected"
    ["enforceRevisionTranslationAffected":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["isSyncing":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["in_preview"]=>
    NULL
  }
  [222337841]=>
  object(Drupal\node\Entity\Node)#4193 (30) {
    ["entityTypeId":protected]=>
    string(4) "node"
    ["enforceIsNew":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["typedData":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["cacheContexts":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["cacheTags":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["cacheMaxAge":protected]=>
    int(-1)
    ["_serviceIds":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["_entityStorages":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["values":protected]=>
    array(27) {
      ["nid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(9) "222337841"
      }
      ["vid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(6) "712913"
      }
      ["type"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(13) "person_course"
      }
      ["uuid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(36) "3f3c83ea-35c6-44bd-b441-ea87f53001cc"
      }
      ["langcode"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(2) "en"
      }
      ["revision_uid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["revision_timestamp"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(10) "1731427526"
      }
      ["revision_log"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        NULL
      }
      ["revision_default"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["isDefaultRevision"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["status"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["uid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["title"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(32) "Introduction to Computer Systems"
      }
      ["created"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(10) "1731427526"
      }
      ["changed"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(10) "1731427526"
      }
      ["promote"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["sticky"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["default_langcode"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["revision_translation_affected"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["feeds_item"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(5) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(2) "10"
            ["imported"]=>
            string(10) "1731427526"
            ["url"]=>
            NULL
            ["guid"]=>
            NULL
            ["hash"]=>
            string(32) "22790c9f6ecd4c8fead0770bb081eb0b"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_academic_semester"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(4) "7827"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_course"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(9) "222337634"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_person"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(5) "15949"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_semester"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(4) "7219"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_unique_courseid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["value"]=>
            string(9) "15213-S25"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_unique_id"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["value"]=>
            string(10) "1731031500"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_year"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["value"]=>
            string(4) "2025"
          }
        }
      }
    }
    ["fields":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["fieldDefinitions":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["languages":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["langcodeKey":protected]=>
    string(8) "langcode"
    ["defaultLangcodeKey":protected]=>
    string(16) "default_langcode"
    ["activeLangcode":protected]=>
    string(9) "x-default"
    ["enforceDefaultTranslation":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["defaultLangcode":protected]=>
    string(2) "en"
    ["translations":protected]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["status"]=>
        int(1)
      }
    }
    ["translationInitialize":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["newRevision":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["isDefaultRevision":protected]=>
    string(1) "1"
    ["entityKeys":protected]=>
    array(4) {
      ["bundle"]=>
      string(13) "person_course"
      ["id"]=>
      string(9) "222337841"
      ["revision"]=>
      string(6) "712913"
      ["uuid"]=>
      string(36) "3f3c83ea-35c6-44bd-b441-ea87f53001cc"
    }
    ["translatableEntityKeys":protected]=>
    array(8) {
      ["label"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(32) "Introduction to Computer Systems"
      }
      ["langcode"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(2) "en"
      }
      ["status"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["published"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["uid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["owner"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["default_langcode"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["revision_translation_affected"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
    }
    ["validated":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["validationRequired":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["loadedRevisionId":protected]=>
    string(6) "712913"
    ["revisionTranslationAffectedKey":protected]=>
    string(29) "revision_translation_affected"
    ["enforceRevisionTranslationAffected":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["isSyncing":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["in_preview"]=>
    NULL
  }
  [222337842]=>
  object(Drupal\node\Entity\Node)#4195 (30) {
    ["entityTypeId":protected]=>
    string(4) "node"
    ["enforceIsNew":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["typedData":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["cacheContexts":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["cacheTags":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["cacheMaxAge":protected]=>
    int(-1)
    ["_serviceIds":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["_entityStorages":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["values":protected]=>
    array(27) {
      ["nid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(9) "222337842"
      }
      ["vid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(6) "712914"
      }
      ["type"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(13) "person_course"
      }
      ["uuid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(36) "77bda687-ea86-4891-82ec-1d0cc5199c3e"
      }
      ["langcode"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(2) "en"
      }
      ["revision_uid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["revision_timestamp"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(10) "1731427526"
      }
      ["revision_log"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        NULL
      }
      ["revision_default"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["isDefaultRevision"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["status"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["uid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["title"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(32) "Introduction to Computer Systems"
      }
      ["created"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(10) "1731427526"
      }
      ["changed"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(10) "1731427526"
      }
      ["promote"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["sticky"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["default_langcode"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["revision_translation_affected"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["feeds_item"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(5) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(2) "10"
            ["imported"]=>
            string(10) "1731427526"
            ["url"]=>
            NULL
            ["guid"]=>
            NULL
            ["hash"]=>
            string(32) "31beca47c186f7c42ba8807337b5dbdc"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_academic_semester"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(4) "7827"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_course"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(9) "222337634"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_person"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(9) "222226073"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_semester"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["target_id"]=>
            string(4) "7219"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_unique_courseid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["value"]=>
            string(9) "15213-S25"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_unique_id"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["value"]=>
            string(10) "1731031501"
          }
        }
      }
      ["field_year"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        array(1) {
          [0]=>
          array(1) {
            ["value"]=>
            string(4) "2025"
          }
        }
      }
    }
    ["fields":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["fieldDefinitions":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["languages":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["langcodeKey":protected]=>
    string(8) "langcode"
    ["defaultLangcodeKey":protected]=>
    string(16) "default_langcode"
    ["activeLangcode":protected]=>
    string(9) "x-default"
    ["enforceDefaultTranslation":protected]=>
    NULL
    ["defaultLangcode":protected]=>
    string(2) "en"
    ["translations":protected]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["status"]=>
        int(1)
      }
    }
    ["translationInitialize":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["newRevision":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["isDefaultRevision":protected]=>
    string(1) "1"
    ["entityKeys":protected]=>
    array(4) {
      ["bundle"]=>
      string(13) "person_course"
      ["id"]=>
      string(9) "222337842"
      ["revision"]=>
      string(6) "712914"
      ["uuid"]=>
      string(36) "77bda687-ea86-4891-82ec-1d0cc5199c3e"
    }
    ["translatableEntityKeys":protected]=>
    array(8) {
      ["label"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(32) "Introduction to Computer Systems"
      }
      ["langcode"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(2) "en"
      }
      ["status"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["published"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["uid"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["owner"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "0"
      }
      ["default_langcode"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
      ["revision_translation_affected"]=>
      array(1) {
        ["x-default"]=>
        string(1) "1"
      }
    }
    ["validated":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["validationRequired":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["loadedRevisionId":protected]=>
    string(6) "712914"
    ["revisionTranslationAffectedKey":protected]=>
    string(29) "revision_translation_affected"
    ["enforceRevisionTranslationAffected":protected]=>
    array(0) {
    }
    ["isSyncing":protected]=>
    bool(false)
    ["in_preview"]=>
    NULL
  }
}
object(Drupal\node\Entity\Node)#4191 (30) {
  ["entityTypeId":protected]=>
  string(4) "node"
  ["enforceIsNew":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["typedData":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["cacheContexts":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["cacheTags":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["cacheMaxAge":protected]=>
  int(-1)
  ["_serviceIds":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["_entityStorages":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["values":protected]=>
  array(27) {
    ["nid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(9) "222337840"
    }
    ["vid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(6) "712912"
    }
    ["type"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(13) "person_course"
    }
    ["uuid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(36) "fd32289b-e0a2-44ba-96b2-c9be6430c2ea"
    }
    ["langcode"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(2) "en"
    }
    ["revision_uid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["revision_timestamp"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(10) "1731427526"
    }
    ["revision_log"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      NULL
    }
    ["revision_default"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["isDefaultRevision"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["status"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["uid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["title"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(32) "Introduction to Computer Systems"
    }
    ["created"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(10) "1731427526"
    }
    ["changed"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(10) "1731427526"
    }
    ["promote"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["sticky"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["default_langcode"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["revision_translation_affected"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["feeds_item"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(5) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(2) "10"
          ["imported"]=>
          string(10) "1731427526"
          ["url"]=>
          NULL
          ["guid"]=>
          NULL
          ["hash"]=>
          string(32) "51ccb3be86f5195b4c8aaa1e649da05b"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_academic_semester"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(4) "7827"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_course"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(9) "222337634"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_person"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(9) "222227117"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_semester"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(4) "7219"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_unique_courseid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["value"]=>
          string(9) "15213-S25"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_unique_id"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["value"]=>
          string(10) "1731031499"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_year"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["value"]=>
          string(4) "2025"
        }
      }
    }
  }
  ["fields":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["fieldDefinitions":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["languages":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["langcodeKey":protected]=>
  string(8) "langcode"
  ["defaultLangcodeKey":protected]=>
  string(16) "default_langcode"
  ["activeLangcode":protected]=>
  string(9) "x-default"
  ["enforceDefaultTranslation":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["defaultLangcode":protected]=>
  string(2) "en"
  ["translations":protected]=>
  array(1) {
    ["x-default"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["status"]=>
      int(1)
    }
  }
  ["translationInitialize":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["newRevision":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["isDefaultRevision":protected]=>
  string(1) "1"
  ["entityKeys":protected]=>
  array(4) {
    ["bundle"]=>
    string(13) "person_course"
    ["id"]=>
    string(9) "222337840"
    ["revision"]=>
    string(6) "712912"
    ["uuid"]=>
    string(36) "fd32289b-e0a2-44ba-96b2-c9be6430c2ea"
  }
  ["translatableEntityKeys":protected]=>
  array(8) {
    ["label"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(32) "Introduction to Computer Systems"
    }
    ["langcode"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(2) "en"
    }
    ["status"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["published"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["uid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["owner"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["default_langcode"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["revision_translation_affected"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
  }
  ["validated":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["validationRequired":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["loadedRevisionId":protected]=>
  string(6) "712912"
  ["revisionTranslationAffectedKey":protected]=>
  string(29) "revision_translation_affected"
  ["enforceRevisionTranslationAffected":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["isSyncing":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["in_preview"]=>
  NULL
}
object(Drupal\node\Entity\Node)#4193 (30) {
  ["entityTypeId":protected]=>
  string(4) "node"
  ["enforceIsNew":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["typedData":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["cacheContexts":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["cacheTags":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["cacheMaxAge":protected]=>
  int(-1)
  ["_serviceIds":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["_entityStorages":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["values":protected]=>
  array(27) {
    ["nid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(9) "222337841"
    }
    ["vid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(6) "712913"
    }
    ["type"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(13) "person_course"
    }
    ["uuid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(36) "3f3c83ea-35c6-44bd-b441-ea87f53001cc"
    }
    ["langcode"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(2) "en"
    }
    ["revision_uid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["revision_timestamp"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(10) "1731427526"
    }
    ["revision_log"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      NULL
    }
    ["revision_default"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["isDefaultRevision"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["status"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["uid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["title"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(32) "Introduction to Computer Systems"
    }
    ["created"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(10) "1731427526"
    }
    ["changed"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(10) "1731427526"
    }
    ["promote"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["sticky"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["default_langcode"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["revision_translation_affected"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["feeds_item"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(5) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(2) "10"
          ["imported"]=>
          string(10) "1731427526"
          ["url"]=>
          NULL
          ["guid"]=>
          NULL
          ["hash"]=>
          string(32) "22790c9f6ecd4c8fead0770bb081eb0b"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_academic_semester"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(4) "7827"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_course"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(9) "222337634"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_person"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(5) "15949"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_semester"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(4) "7219"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_unique_courseid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["value"]=>
          string(9) "15213-S25"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_unique_id"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["value"]=>
          string(10) "1731031500"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_year"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["value"]=>
          string(4) "2025"
        }
      }
    }
  }
  ["fields":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["fieldDefinitions":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["languages":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["langcodeKey":protected]=>
  string(8) "langcode"
  ["defaultLangcodeKey":protected]=>
  string(16) "default_langcode"
  ["activeLangcode":protected]=>
  string(9) "x-default"
  ["enforceDefaultTranslation":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["defaultLangcode":protected]=>
  string(2) "en"
  ["translations":protected]=>
  array(1) {
    ["x-default"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["status"]=>
      int(1)
    }
  }
  ["translationInitialize":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["newRevision":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["isDefaultRevision":protected]=>
  string(1) "1"
  ["entityKeys":protected]=>
  array(4) {
    ["bundle"]=>
    string(13) "person_course"
    ["id"]=>
    string(9) "222337841"
    ["revision"]=>
    string(6) "712913"
    ["uuid"]=>
    string(36) "3f3c83ea-35c6-44bd-b441-ea87f53001cc"
  }
  ["translatableEntityKeys":protected]=>
  array(8) {
    ["label"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(32) "Introduction to Computer Systems"
    }
    ["langcode"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(2) "en"
    }
    ["status"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["published"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["uid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["owner"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["default_langcode"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["revision_translation_affected"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
  }
  ["validated":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["validationRequired":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["loadedRevisionId":protected]=>
  string(6) "712913"
  ["revisionTranslationAffectedKey":protected]=>
  string(29) "revision_translation_affected"
  ["enforceRevisionTranslationAffected":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["isSyncing":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["in_preview"]=>
  NULL
}
object(Drupal\node\Entity\Node)#4195 (30) {
  ["entityTypeId":protected]=>
  string(4) "node"
  ["enforceIsNew":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["typedData":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["cacheContexts":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["cacheTags":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["cacheMaxAge":protected]=>
  int(-1)
  ["_serviceIds":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["_entityStorages":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["values":protected]=>
  array(27) {
    ["nid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(9) "222337842"
    }
    ["vid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(6) "712914"
    }
    ["type"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(13) "person_course"
    }
    ["uuid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(36) "77bda687-ea86-4891-82ec-1d0cc5199c3e"
    }
    ["langcode"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(2) "en"
    }
    ["revision_uid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["revision_timestamp"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(10) "1731427526"
    }
    ["revision_log"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      NULL
    }
    ["revision_default"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["isDefaultRevision"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["status"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["uid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["title"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(32) "Introduction to Computer Systems"
    }
    ["created"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(10) "1731427526"
    }
    ["changed"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(10) "1731427526"
    }
    ["promote"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["sticky"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["default_langcode"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["revision_translation_affected"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["feeds_item"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(5) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(2) "10"
          ["imported"]=>
          string(10) "1731427526"
          ["url"]=>
          NULL
          ["guid"]=>
          NULL
          ["hash"]=>
          string(32) "31beca47c186f7c42ba8807337b5dbdc"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_academic_semester"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(4) "7827"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_course"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(9) "222337634"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_person"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(9) "222226073"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_semester"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["target_id"]=>
          string(4) "7219"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_unique_courseid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["value"]=>
          string(9) "15213-S25"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_unique_id"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["value"]=>
          string(10) "1731031501"
        }
      }
    }
    ["field_year"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      array(1) {
        [0]=>
        array(1) {
          ["value"]=>
          string(4) "2025"
        }
      }
    }
  }
  ["fields":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["fieldDefinitions":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["languages":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["langcodeKey":protected]=>
  string(8) "langcode"
  ["defaultLangcodeKey":protected]=>
  string(16) "default_langcode"
  ["activeLangcode":protected]=>
  string(9) "x-default"
  ["enforceDefaultTranslation":protected]=>
  NULL
  ["defaultLangcode":protected]=>
  string(2) "en"
  ["translations":protected]=>
  array(1) {
    ["x-default"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["status"]=>
      int(1)
    }
  }
  ["translationInitialize":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["newRevision":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["isDefaultRevision":protected]=>
  string(1) "1"
  ["entityKeys":protected]=>
  array(4) {
    ["bundle"]=>
    string(13) "person_course"
    ["id"]=>
    string(9) "222337842"
    ["revision"]=>
    string(6) "712914"
    ["uuid"]=>
    string(36) "77bda687-ea86-4891-82ec-1d0cc5199c3e"
  }
  ["translatableEntityKeys":protected]=>
  array(8) {
    ["label"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(32) "Introduction to Computer Systems"
    }
    ["langcode"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(2) "en"
    }
    ["status"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["published"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["uid"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["owner"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "0"
    }
    ["default_langcode"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
    ["revision_translation_affected"]=>
    array(1) {
      ["x-default"]=>
      string(1) "1"
    }
  }
  ["validated":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["validationRequired":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["loadedRevisionId":protected]=>
  string(6) "712914"
  ["revisionTranslationAffectedKey":protected]=>
  string(29) "revision_translation_affected"
  ["enforceRevisionTranslationAffected":protected]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["isSyncing":protected]=>
  bool(false)
  ["in_preview"]=>
  NULL
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#">
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8" />
<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-169849027-1"></script>
<script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "UA-169849027-1", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path"});</script>
<meta name="description" content="This course provides a programmer&#039;s view of how computer systems execute programs, store information, and communicate. It enables students to become more effective programmers, especially in dealing with issues of performance, portability and robustness. It also serves as a foundation for courses on compilers, networks, operating systems, and computer architecture, where a deeper understanding of systems-level issues is required." />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://staging.csd.cmu.edu/course/15213/s25" />
<meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" />
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" />
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<link rel="icon" href="/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico_0_0.gif" type="image/gif" />

			<title>Introduction to Computer Systems | Carnegie Mellon University Computer Science Department</title>
			<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/align.module.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/fieldgroup.module.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/container-inline.module.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/clearfix.module.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/details.module.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/hidden.module.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/item-list.module.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/js.module.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/nowrap.module.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/position-container.module.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/reset-appearance.module.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/resize.module.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-counter.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-counters.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-general-info.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tablesort.module.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/responsive_menus/styles/responsive_menus_simple/css/responsive_menus_simple.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/calendar/css/calendar.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/calendar/css/calendar_multiday.css?sqg21f" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/csd/css/style.css?sqg21f" />

				
					<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
					<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
					<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans:wght@300;400;500;600;700;800&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
					<link href="/themes/custom/csd/fontawesome6/pro/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
				</head>
				<body class="path-node page-node-type-course">
										<a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable">
						Skip to main content
					</a>
					
					  <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>
    <div class="layout-container">

  <header role="banner">
      <div>
    <div id="block-csd-site-branding">
  
    
  			<div class="logo">
			<a href="/" rel="home">
				<img src="/sites/default/files/logo.svg" alt="Home"/>
			</a>
						
	</div>

	<div id="mobilenav" tabindex="0">
		<i class="fas fa-bars" id="mobile-menu">
			<div aria-label="menu" class="visually-hidden focusable">Expand Menu</div>
		</i>
	</div>

	<div class="searchform">
		<form action="/search-results" method="get" accept-charset="UTF-8">
			<div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-textfield">
				<label for="search_api_fulltext" class="visually-hidden">Search</label>
				<input type="text" name="search_api_fulltext" id="search_api_fulltext" value="" placeholder="Enter your search text." size="30" maxlength="30" class="form-text"><input type="submit" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit">
			</div>
		</form>
	</div>

</div></div>
<nav
	role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-csd-main-menu-menu"  id="block-csd-main-menu">
						
	<h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-csd-main-menu-menu">Main navigation</h2>
	

				
	
						<div class="submenu-background"></div>
			<ul class="menu-level-0">
																						<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  >
						<div
							class="link-arrow-wrapper" tabindex="-1">
														<a href="javascript:;">About</a>
													</div>
						<div class="submenus-wrapper">
							<div class="submenus">
								<div class="submenus-title">
									<h3>Back to Main Menu</h3>
								</div>
								<div class="submenus-wrapper-inner">
									<ul
										class="submenu" aria-hidden="true">
										
										<div class="item-description">
											<h3>
												<a href="/about">
													About
													Main page
												</a>

											</h3>
											<div class="text-container">
												
											</div>
										</div>
									</li>
								</div>
							</div>

																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-1">
																							<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/about" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222314602">About</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to About" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222269335">News</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/key-contacts" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4">Key Contacts</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/about/csd-history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222238381">History</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/sitemap" data-drupal-link-system-path="sitemap">Sitemap</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/employment" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5">Employment</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Employment" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/employment/faculty-hiring" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222218841">Faculty Hiring</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://cmu.wd5.myworkdayjobs.com/CMU?q=CSD" title="CMU HR job listing link - search parameter for Computer Science Department job listings">Staff Hiring</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/dei" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222243091">Diversity, Equity and Inclusion</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Diversity, Equity and Inclusion" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/dei/reportable-incidents" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222243207">Reportable DEI Incidents</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/dei/reporting-chain" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222243249">CSD DEI Reporting Chain &amp; Contacts</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/dei/reporting" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222243189">DEI Reporting Process</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/dei/incident-response" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222243253">DEI Incident Response</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/dei/incident-recording-protocol" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222243255">DEI Incident Recording Protocol</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/dei/annual-summaries" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222243145">CSD DEI Annual Summaries</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.scs.cmu.edu/dei/" title="School of Computer Science Diversity, Equity and Inclusion webpages">SCS DEI</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.cmu.edu/diversity/" title="Carnegie Mellon Diversity, Equity and Inclusion web pages">Carnegie Mellon DEI</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/marcom/csd-marketing-guidelines" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222227241">Marketing &amp; Communications</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Marketing &amp; Communications" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/scs-media-kit-press-contacts">SCS Marketing &amp; Communications</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/partnerships/">Partnerships </a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/scs-ece-career-center/">Employer Recruiting</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.cmu.edu/marcom/">CMU Marketing &amp; Communications</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="https://www.cmu.edu/visit/">Visit Carnegie Mellon</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Visit Carnegie Mellon" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.cmu.edu/transportation/park/visitor.html">Visitor Parking</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.cmu.edu/visit/maps-parking-transportation.html">Maps &amp; Directions</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://givenow.cmu.edu/campaigns/42524/donations/new?a=7621440" target="_blank">Give</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  >
						<div
							class="link-arrow-wrapper" tabindex="-1">
														<a href="javascript:;">Admissions</a>
													</div>
						<div class="submenus-wrapper">
							<div class="submenus">
								<div class="submenus-title">
									<h3>Back to Main Menu</h3>
								</div>
								<div class="submenus-wrapper-inner">
									<ul
										class="submenu" aria-hidden="true">
										
										<div class="item-description">
											<h3>
												<a href="/admissions/prospective-students">
													Admissions
													Main page
												</a>

											</h3>
											<div class="text-container">
												
											</div>
										</div>
									</li>
								</div>
							</div>

																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-1">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/admissions/prospective-students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/8">Prospective Students</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/academics/bachelors/admissions" title="Main Bachelor&#039;s Program Page" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19208">Bachelor&#039;s Admissions</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Bachelor&#039;s Admissions" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/bachelors/overview" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1">Bachelor&#039;s Programs</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/bachelors/incoming-student-course-transfer" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222221663">Incoming Student Course Transfer</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/academics/masters/admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19397">Master&#039;s Admissions</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Master&#039;s Admissions" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/masters/overview" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2">Master&#039;s Programs</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/academics/doctoral/admissions" title="Main Doctoral Programs Page" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19564">Doctoral Admissions</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Doctoral Admissions" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral/overview" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3">Doctoral Programs</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral/phd-open-house" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222185475">Admitted Doctoral Student Open House</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  >
						<div
							class="link-arrow-wrapper" tabindex="-1">
														<a href="javascript:;">Academics</a>
													</div>
						<div class="submenus-wrapper">
							<div class="submenus">
								<div class="submenus-title">
									<h3>Back to Main Menu</h3>
								</div>
								<div class="submenus-wrapper-inner">
									<ul
										class="submenu" aria-hidden="true">
										
										<div class="item-description">
											<h3>
												<a href="/academics">
													Academics
													Main page
												</a>

											</h3>
											<div class="text-container">
												
											</div>
										</div>
									</li>
								</div>
							</div>

																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-1">
																							<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/academics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222314444">Academics</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Academics" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/courses" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222314498">Current Semester Courses</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/upcoming-courses" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222335631">Upcoming Semester Courses</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://enr-apps.as.cmu.edu/open/SOC/SOCServlet/search">Schedule of Classes</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="http://coursecatalog.web.cmu.edu/">Undergraduate Catalog</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/academics/bachelors/overview" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1">Bachelor&#039;s Programs</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Bachelor&#039;s Programs" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/bachelors/admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19208">How to Apply as Incoming First-Year</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/bachelors/incoming-student-course-transfer" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222221663">Incoming Student Course Transfer</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="http://coursecatalog.web.cmu.edu/schools-colleges/schoolofcomputerscience/undergraduatecomputerscience/#bscurriculumtextcontainer">B.S. in CS Curriculum</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/bachelors/bachelors_concentrations" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222233931">B.S. in CS Concentrations</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/academics/forms/transfer-credit-evaluation-request">B.S. in CS External Course Transfer</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/bachelors/cs-bachelors-program-contacts" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222186289">B.S. in CS Program Contacts</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/guidelines-for-internal-transfer-or-dual-degree" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222315161">Guidelines for Internal Transfer or Dual Degree</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/bachelors/minor-and-additional-major" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19511">Minor and Additional Major in Computer Science</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/academics/undergraduate/programs">Other SCS Undergraduate Programs</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/bachelors/summer-research-for-international-students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222334253">Summer Research for International Students</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/academics/masters/overview" title="Main Master&#039;s Programs Page" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2">Master&#039;s Programs</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Master&#039;s Programs" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/masters/ms-in-computer-science" title="MSCS Program Information" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19391">M.S. in Computer Science</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/masters/fifth-year" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19567">Fifth Year Master&#039;s</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.cmu.edu/tepper/programs/mba/curriculum/dual-and-joint-degrees/3-2-mba.html">Accelerated MBA Program</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/masters/admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19397">Master&#039;s - How to Apply</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/masters/ms-program-contacts" title="Master&#039;s Programs Contact information" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19395">Master&#039;s Programs Contacts</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/academics/masters/programs">Other SCS Master&#039;s Programs</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/academics/doctoral/overview" title="Doctoral Programs Overview" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3">Doctoral Programs</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Doctoral Programs" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral/phd-in-computer-science" title="CSD Doctoral Program" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222235311">Ph.D. in Computer Science</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral/phd-in-aco" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222332455">Ph.D. in ACO</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://logic.cmu.edu/">Ph.D. in PAL</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/">CNBC Certificate Program</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral/phd-portugal" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19455">Ph.D. Dual Degree Portugal</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/academics/doctoral/admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19564">Doctoral - How to Apply</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Doctoral - How to Apply" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-3">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral/phd-open-house" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222185475">Doctoral Open House</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral/degrees-conferred" title="List of Doctoral Degrees Awarded by CSD" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222332446">Degrees Conferred</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/academics/phd/programs">Other SCS Doctoral Programs</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/academics/current-student-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222232881">Student Resources</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Student Resources" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/current-student-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222232881">General Student Resources</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/current-student-resources/undergraduate" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222314501">Bachelor&#039;s Resources</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/current-student-resources/masters-student-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222314549">Master&#039;s Resources</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/academics/current-student-resources/doctoral-resources">Doctoral Resources</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Doctoral Resources" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-3">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral-resources/phd-handbook" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222337930">Doctoral Program Handbook</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral-resources/doctoral-breadth-courses" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222335646">Doctoral Breadth Courses</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral-resources/dsr-schedule" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222337122">Doctoral Student Review Schedule</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral-resources/writing-skills-requirement" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222335690">Doctoral Writing Skills</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral-resources/speaking-skills" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222315428">Doctoral Speaking Skills</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academic/doctoral-resources/thesis-proposal-process" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222335689">Doctoral Thesis Proposal Process</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral-resources/thesis-oral-defense-process" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222334428">Doctoral Thesis Oral Defense Process</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral-resources/ombudspersons" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222217181">Doctoral Student Ombudspersons</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/doctoral/csd-doctoral-service-award" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222315931">Doctoral Student Service Award</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  >
						<div
							class="link-arrow-wrapper" tabindex="-1">
														<a href="javascript:;">People</a>
													</div>
						<div class="submenus-wrapper">
							<div class="submenus">
								<div class="submenus-title">
									<h3>Back to Main Menu</h3>
								</div>
								<div class="submenus-wrapper-inner">
									<ul
										class="submenu" aria-hidden="true">
										
										<div class="item-description">
											<h3>
												<a href="/people/all">
													People
													Main page
												</a>

											</h3>
											<div class="text-container">
												
											</div>
										</div>
									</li>
								</div>
							</div>

																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-1">
																							<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/people/all" data-drupal-link-system-path="people/all">Directory</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Directory" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/people/doctoral" data-drupal-link-system-path="people/doctoral">Doctoral </a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/people/faculty" data-drupal-link-system-path="people/faculty">Faculty</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/people/post-docs" data-drupal-link-system-path="people/post-docs">Postdoctoral</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/people/staff" data-drupal-link-system-path="people/staff">Staff</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/key-contacts" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4">Key Contacts</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/staff-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/11">Staff Resources</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/academics/current-student-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222232881">Student Resources</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Student Resources" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/current-student-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222232881">General Student Resources</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/current-student-resources/undergraduate" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222314501">Bachelor&#039;s Resources</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/current-student-resources/masters-student-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/222314549">Master&#039;s Resources</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/academics/current-student-resources/doctoral-resources">Doctoral Resources</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/faculty-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">Faculty Resources</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  >
						<div
							class="link-arrow-wrapper" tabindex="-1">
														<a href="javascript:;">Research</a>
													</div>
						<div class="submenus-wrapper">
							<div class="submenus">
								<div class="submenus-title">
									<h3>Back to Main Menu</h3>
								</div>
								<div class="submenus-wrapper-inner">
									<ul
										class="submenu" aria-hidden="true">
										
										<div class="item-description">
											<h3>
												<a href="/research">
													Research
													Main page
												</a>

											</h3>
											<div class="text-container">
												
											</div>
										</div>
									</li>
								</div>
							</div>

																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-1">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/faculty-research-guide" title="Research Guide Intro">Faculty Research Guide</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/research/research-areas/artificial-intelligence" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2569">Artificial Intelligence</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Artificial Intelligence" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/computational-neuroscience" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2504">Computational Neuroscience</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/machine-learning" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/7824">Machine Learning</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/robotics" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2523">Robotics</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/research/research-areas/graphics" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2520">Graphics</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Graphics" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/robotics" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2523">Robotics</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/research/research-areas/programming-languages" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2505">Programming Languages</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Programming Languages" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/formal-methods" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2512">Formal Methods</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/pure-and-applied-logic" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2658">Pure and Applied Logic</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/software-engineering" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2522">Software Engineering</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/software-verification" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/3651">Software Verification</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/type-theory" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2659">Type Theory</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/research/research-areas/security" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/4097">Security</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Security" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/cryptography" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/4521">Cryptography</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/security-and-privacy" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2508">Security and Privacy</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/research/research-areas/systems" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2660">Systems</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Systems" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/computer-architecture" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2519">Computer Architecture</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/databases" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/3221">Databases</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/data-intensive-and-cloud-computing" title="link to data-intensive and cloud computing research sub-area" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2535">Data-intensive and Cloud Computing</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/distributed-systems" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2506">Distributed Systems</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/human-computer-interaction" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2516">Human-Computer Interaction</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/mobile-and-pervasive-computing" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2524">Mobile &amp; Pervasive Computing</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/networking" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2507">Networking</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/operating-systems" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/4317">Operating Systems</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/scientific-computing" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/3191">Scientific Computing</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"  							><a href="/research/research-areas/theory" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2661">Theory</a>
							<br>
							<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" class="related-links" title="show links related to Theory" aria-expanded="false">Related links<span class="line-segment" tabindex="-1"></span>
							</a>
																							
							<ul class="menu menu-level-2">
																							<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/algorithms-and-complexity" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2502">Algorithms and Complexity</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/game-theory" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2662">Game Theory</a>
														</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="/research/research-areas/performance-modeling-analysis" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/4319">Performance Modeling Analysis</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
					</ul>
	
									</li>
																		<li class="menu-item" 						><a href="https://givenow.cmu.edu/campaigns/42524/donations/new?a=7621440">Give</a>
														</li>
					</ul>
	

<div class="close">
	<a href="javascript:;" tabindex="0" aria-label="close subnavigation">x</a>
</div>


	</nav>

  </div>

  </header>

  
  

  

    <div>
    <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div>

  </div>


  

  <main role="main">
    <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a>
    <div class="layout-content
        ">
        <div>
    <div id="block-csd-content">
  
    
      <div id="block-csd-breadcrumbs">
	<nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb">
		<h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2>
		<ol>
			<li>
				<a href="/">Home</a>
			</li>
			<li>
																													<a href="/academics/courses">Current Courses</a>
							</li>
			<li>
				<a href="https://csd.cmu.edu/course/15090/f24">Computer Science Practicum</a>
			</li>
		</ol>
	</nav>
</div>


<div class="pagecontainer">
	<div class="page__content has-sidebar">
		<article class="course--full">
			
			<h1>
				<a href="/course/15213/s25" rel="bookmark"><span>Introduction to Computer Systems</span>
</a>
			</h1>
			


			<h2>
				<strong>Course ID</strong>
				15213</h2>
		</h2>

				<strong>Description</strong>
		This course provides a programmer's view of how computer systems execute programs, store information, and communicate. It enables students to become more effective programmers, especially in dealing with issues of performance, portability and robustness. It also serves as a foundation for courses on compilers, networks, operating systems, and computer architecture, where a deeper understanding of systems-level issues is required.
	</p>

			<p>
			<strong>Key Topics</strong><br>
			
            Machine-level code and its generation by optimizing compilers, Performance evaluation and optimization, Computer arithmetic, Memory organization and management, Networking technology and protocols, Supporting concurrent computation
      </p>
	
		<p>
			<strong>Required Background Knowledge</strong><br>
			
            Facility in C, including basic data structures, from 15-122
      </p>
	
		<p>
			<strong>Course Relevance</strong><br>
			
            Foundation for courses on compilers, networks, operating systems, and computer architecture, where a deeper understanding of systems-level issues is required.<br />
<br />
NOTE FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS: This course is not open to graduate students beginning Spring 2015. Graduate students must register for 15-513 instead.
      </p>
	
		<p>
			<strong>Course Goals</strong><br>
			
            Programmer&#039;s view of how computer systems execute programs, store information, and communicate.<br />
How to deal with issues of performance, portability and robustness.<br />
Improve effectiveness as software developers in improving the quality and performance of programs.
      </p>
	
			<p>
			<strong>Learning Resources</strong><br>
			
            Course Textbook, AutoLab, Piazza, Course Website
      </p>
	
			<p>
			<strong>Assessment Structure
			</strong><br>
			
            Assignments (7 Labs) - 50%, Midterm - 20 %, Final - 30%
      
		</p>
	
	
			<p>
			<strong>Course Link</strong><br>
			<a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~213/">https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~213/</a></p>
	</article></div><div class="sidebar__content">
<div class="sidebar-menu">
							<div class="views-element-container instructorblock"> <header>
				<p>
					<strong>
						Instructor(s)
					</strong>
				</p>
			</header>
			<div>
				<a href = "/node/222227117">Ranysha Ware</a><br><a href = "/node/15949">David Andersen</a><br><a href = "/node/222226073">Nathan Beckmann</a><br>
			</div>
		</div>
	
	<ul>
		<li><a href="/academics/courses">Current Semester Courses</a></li>
		<li><a href="/academics/upcoming-courses">Upcoming Semester Courses</a></li>
		<li><a href="/academics/doctoral-resources/doctoral-breadth-courses">Doctoral Breadth Courses</a></li>
		<li><a href="http://coursecatalog.web.cmu.edu" target="_blank">Course Catalog</a></li>
		<li><a href="https://enr-apps.as.cmu.edu/open/SOC/SOCServlet/search" target="_blank">Schedule of Classes</a></li>

	</ul>
</div></div></div></div>

  </div>

  </div>

    </div>
                    
    
  </main>

  
      <footer role="contentinfo">
        <div>
    <div id="block-footer">
  
    
      
            <div class="layout-container"><div class="left"><h2>Computer Science Department</h2>

<div class="address__cmu"><strong>Carnegie Mellon University</strong></div>

<div class="address__street">5000 Forbes Avenue</div>

<div class="address__city">Pittsburgh, PA 15213</div>

<div class="address__phone">Fax: 412-268-5576</div>
<div class="social-icons"><a href="/key-contacts" title="CSD key contacts"><i class="fa-regular fa-envelope"></i></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.twitter.com/CSDatCMU" target="_blank" title="go to x/twitter"><i class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter"></i></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://mastodon.acm.org/@CSDatCMU" target="_blank" title="go to mastodon"><i class="fa-brands fa-mastodon"></i></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/CSDatCMU" target="_blank" title="go to facebook"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f"></i></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/csdatcmu/" target="_blank" title="go to linkedIn"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin-in"></i></a></div>
</div>

<div class="right">
  <p><a href="https://www.scs.cmu.edu" target="new"><img alt="Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science" src="/themes/custom/csd/images/scs-logo.png"></a></p>

<ul>
    <li><a href="https://www.cmu.edu/" target="_blank">Pittsburgh Campus</a><br></li>
    <li><a href="https://www.qatar.cmu.edu" target="_blank">Qatar Campus</a><br></li>
    <li><a href="https://www.cmu.edu/legal/" target="_blank">Legal Info</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

      
  </div>

  </div>

    </footer>
  
</div>
  </div>

					
					<script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/222337634","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"google_analytics":{"account":"UA-169849027-1","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip"},"responsive_menus":[{"toggler_text":"\u2630 Menu","selectors":["#main-menu"],"media_size":768,"media_unit":"px","absolute":1,"disable_mouse_events":0,"remove_attributes":1,"responsive_menus_style":"responsive_menus_simple"}],"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"0fb58a22be5877143605de8e11ec7a48a947ff94567f9d45f30a0d6b796b64e7"}}</script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.7.1"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/once/once.min.js?v=1.0.1"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/drupalSettingsLoader.js?v=10.4.1"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/drupal.js?v=10.4.1"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/drupal.init.js?v=10.4.1"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/csd/js/main.js?sqg21f"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/google_analytics/js/google_analytics.js?v=10.4.1"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/responsive_menus/styles/responsive_menus_simple/js/responsive_menus_simple.js?v=10.4.1"></script>
</body>
				</html>